The existence of an intentionally and illegally committed act is sufficient for participation in the crime. Each person who participates in the commission of the crime is punished according to his own faulty act, regardless of the personal reasons that prevent the punishment of the other (Turkish Penal Code art. 40/1).
– Specific crimes are crimes committed only by persons with certain titles. For example, embezzlement can only be committed by civil servants. In specific crimes, ONLY the person who has the characteristics of a special perpetrator can be the perpetrator. Other persons participating in the commission of these crimes are held responsible as instigators or aiders (Turkish Penal Code art. 40/2).
– In order to be held responsible for participation in a crime, the relevant act must at least reach the stage of attempted crime (Turkish Penal Code art. 40/3).
